Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876) was a revolutionary thinker from the Russian Empire and a pioneer of modern anarchis

 Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876) was a revolutionary thinker from the Russian Empire and a pioneer of modern anarchism. Born into nobility, he turned to revolutionary activity after military service and took part in the 1848 European revolutions. Denouncing the state as a “machinery of violence,” he advocated collective ownership, direct action, and grassroots solidarity. He authored Statism and Anarchy and the unfinished God and the State, and clashed with Marx within the First International. Arrested in St. Petersburg and imprisoned, he was released only to be pursued again, forcing him into exile. Even in exile, he continued his activities, leaving a profound and lasting influence on 20th-century anarchist movements.


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